Sabtu, 06 Oktober 2012

Chemical Reaction

Chemical Reactions

by Anthony Carpi, Ph.D.

In the late 1890s, the Scottish chemist Sir William Ramsay discovered the elements helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon. These elements, along with radon, were placed in group VIIIA of the periodic table and nicknamed inert (or noble) gases because of their tendency not to react with other elements (see our Periodic Table page). The tendency of the noble gases to not react with other elements has to do with their electron configurations. All of the noble gases have full valence shells; this configuration is a stable configuration and one that other elements try to achieve by reacting together. In other words, the reason atoms react with each other is to reach a state in which their valence shell is filled.
Let's look at the reaction of sodium with chlorine. In their atomic states, sodium has one valence electron and chlorine has seven.
sodium-configuration with e chlorine
Sodium Chlorine
Chlorine, with seven valence electrons, needs one additional electron to complete its valence shell with eight electrons. Sodium is a little bit trickier. At first it appears that sodium needs seven additional electrons to complete its valence shell. But this would give sodium a -7 electrical charge and make it highly imbalanced in terms of the number of electrons (negative charges) relative to the number of protons (positive charges). As it turns out, it is much easier for sodium to give up its one valence electron and become a +1 ion. In doing so, the sodium atom empties its third electron shell and now the outermost shell that contains electrons, its second shell, is filled - agreeing with our earlier statement that atoms react because they are trying to fill their valence shell.
sodium chloride - Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride
This trait, the tendency to lose electrons when entering into chemical reactions, is common to all metals. The number of electrons metal atoms will lose (and the charge they will take on) is equal to the number of electrons in the atom's valence shell. For all of the elements in group A of the periodic table, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number (see our Periodic Table page).
Nonmetals, by comparison, tend to gain electrons (or share them) to complete their valence shells. For all of the nonmetals, except hydrogen and helium, their valence shell is complete with eight electrons. Therefore, nonmetals gain electrons corresponding to the formula = 8 - (group #). Chlorine, in group 7, will gain 8 - 7 = 1 electron and form a -1 ion.
Hydrogen and helium only have electrons in their first electron shell.  The capacity of this shell is two.  Thus helium, with two electrons, already has a full valence shell and falls into the group of elements that tend not to react with others, the noble gases.  Hydrogen, with one valence electron, will gain one electron when forming a negative ion.  However, hydrogen and the elements on the periodic table labeled metalloids, can actually form either positive or negative ions corresponding to the number of valence electrons they have.  Thus hydrogen will form a +1 ion when it loses its one electron and a -1 ion when it gains one electron.

Reaction energy

All chemical reactions are accompanied by a change in energy. Some reactions release energy to their surroundings (usually in the form of heat) and are called exothermic. For example, sodium and chlorine react so violently that flames can be seen as the exothermic reaction gives off heat. On the other hand, some reactions need to absorb heat from their surroundings to proceed. These reactions are called endothermic. A good example of an endothermic reaction is that which takes place inside of an instant '"cold pack." Commercial cold packs usually consist of two compounds - urea and ammonium chloride in separate containers within a plastic bag. When the bag is bent and the inside containers are broken, the two compounds mix together and begin to react. Because the reaction is endothermic, it absorbs heat from the surrounding environment and the bag gets cold.
Reactions that proceed immediately when two substances are mixed together (such as the reaction of sodium with chlorine or urea with ammonium chloride) are called spontaneous reactions. Not all reactions proceed spontaneously. For example, think of a match. When you strike a match you are causing a reaction between the chemicals in the match head and oxygen in the air. The match won't light spontaneously, though. You first need to input energy, which is called the activation energy of the reaction. In the case of the match, you supply activation energy in the form of heat by striking the match on the matchbook; after the activation energy is absorbed and the reaction begins, the reaction continues until you either extinguish the flame or you run out of material to react.

7 komentar:

  1. The number of valence electrons in the group A elements is determined by ?

    BalasHapus
  2. according to what I read, then
    The number of electrons of metal atoms will lose (and they will take the charge) is equal to the number of electrons in the valence shell of atoms. For all the elements in Group A of the periodic table, the number of valence electrons is equal to the number of groups (see pages our periodic table).
    Nonmetals, by comparison, tend to gain electrons (or share) to complete their valence shells. For all nonmetals except hydrogen and helium, they are complete with eight valence shell electrons. Therefore, nonmetals gain electrons in accordance with the formula = 8 - (group #). Chlorine, in a group of 7, will get 8-7 = 1 electron to form -1 ions.
    Hydrogen and helium have only electron in their first electron shell. The capacity of this shell is two. So helium, with two electrons, already has a full valence shell and crashed into a group of elements that are less likely to react with others, noble gases. Hydrogen, with one valence electron, will gain one electron when forming negative ions. However, hydrogen and metalloid elements on the periodic table labeled, can actually be a positive or negative ions are formed in accordance with the number of valence electrons they have. So hydrogen will form +1 ions when it loses one electron and ion -1 when gains one electron.

    BalasHapus
  3. oke thank you for your explain.
    can you give me a brief explanation ?

    BalasHapus
    Balasan
    1. I'll try to answer your questions.
      Valence electron is an electron that is located on the outer shell so that it has the highest energy level. This is the role of valence electrons in a chemical reaction. How to determine the number of valence electrons, electron configuration is to specify in advance so as to know the number of outer shell electrons, one konsfigurasi are often used are s, p, d, f
      Where each of these has a maximum limit of charging that is, S (maximum charge 2), p (maximum charge 6), d (maximum load 10), and f (maximum 14). Finished,
      How to determine a primary element is in group or not is to see the end of his konsfigurasi electron, for example if it ends in S then it can be sure that he or IIa group depending again with prefix S and the rank of S is

      Hapus
  4. I want to try to answer your questions.
    For all of the elements in group A of the periodic table, the number of valence electrons is equal to the group number (see our Periodic Table page).
    Nonmetals, by comparison, tend to gain electrons (or share them) to complete their valence shells. For all of the nonmetals, except hydrogen and helium, their valence shell is complete with eight electrons. Therefore, nonmetals gain electrons corresponding to the formula = 8 - (group #). Chlorine, in group 7, will gain 8 - 7 = 1 electron and form a -1 ion.

    BalasHapus